Pattern of Post-Juvenile Moult in Common Snipe (Gallinago Gallinago) and Its Implications for Ageing of the Species

External ageing of Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) still engenders considerable problems. To improve precision of age determination on the basis of plumage characteristics a scheme of post-juvenile moult was investigated in approximately 1200 first-year Common Snipes caught during autumn migration in central Poland. Post-juvenile moult was commenced from body feathers followed by moult of rectrices, lesser/median wing coverts and tertials. Moult sequence showed high inter-individual variability and was started in rectrices (36.9%), wing coverts (25.3%), tertials (8.4%) or simultaneously in several of these tracts of feathers (29.4%). Moult of rectrices was finished before completion of moult of wing coverts and tertials. Moult of tertials finished as the last from all age-indicative tracts of feathers. Consequently, tertials were suggested as the most useful for ageing of first-year Common Snipes in an advanced stage of moult. There was no case of moult of the outermost tertial in first-year birds. The second tertial from distal side of wing was moulted as the last one within this tract of feathers and thereby should be of special interest during plumage examination

Variability of clutch size in Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) at the Jeziorsko Reservoir (Central Poland) in 2004

The analysis of the clutch size variability in Cormorant (P. carbo sinensis) was based on study results in colony at the “Jeziorsko Reservoir” (central Poland) in 2004. There were used 328 broods controlled 3-5 times in the season. Number of eggs in a single clutch ranged from 1 to 7, although Cormorants mostly laid 3 to 5 eggs. Mean clutch size was 3.80 (SD = 1.0 0). The size of clutch depended on time of laying eggs and the part of colony where the nest with brood was localised. The clutch size was bigger for pairs that started laying eggs earlier and lower for birds bred in the part of colony where the number of nests and their density were low.Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 dofinansowane zostało ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

Two-way interconversion of millimeter-wave and optical fields in Rydberg gases

We show that cold Rydberg gases enable an efficient six-wave mixing process where terahertz or microwave fields are coherently converted into optical fields and vice versa. This process is made possible by the long lifetime of Rydberg states, the strong coupling of millimeter waves to Rydberg transitions and by a quantum interference effect related to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Our frequency conversion scheme applies to a broad spectrum of millimeter waves due to the abundance of transitions within the Rydberg manifold, and we discuss two possible implementations based on focussed terahertz beams and millimeter wave fields confined by a waveguide, respectively. We analyse a realistic example for the interconversion of terahertz and optical fields in rubidium atoms and find that the conversion efficiency can in principle exceed 90\%.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures and supplementary informatio

Zatopione w Morzu Bałtyckim bojowe środki trujące – analiza możliwości wykorzystania ich przez Federację Rosyjską w działaniach terrorystycznych

The aim of the article was to attempt to analyze the possibility of the use by the Russian Federation of toxic warfare agents dumped in the Baltic Sea to carry out terrorist acts and sabotage activities. For this purpose, the following research methods were used: historical in order to show the reasons for dumping chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea. However, the main method was the polemological approach. Due to the difficulties with access to information (or its confidentiality), some of the considerations were hypotheses. However, procedures (or rather the lack thereof) provided for in the event of a mass release of poisonous warfare agents into the Baltic Sea were examined. The main conclusion of the article is that none of the countries with access to the Baltic Sea is prepared for the possible use by Russia of chemical weapons deposited there. Usually, this state of affairs is explained by the low probability of such events. However, after taking into account the activity of Russian units, technological progress, and miniaturisation of devices (including military ones that allow remote military operations), it can be concluded that such actions are possible

Cztery świadectwa święceń duchownych z diecezji krakowskiej z XV i XVI wieku

There are few records showing the practice of the holy orders taken by local clergy in medieval Krakow diocese. With the exception of two short lists of acolytes ordained by bishop Jan Rzeszowski, we do not have any name lists of clergymen ordained by local ordinaries and suffragans. Consequently, studies on the holy orders of clergy from the diocese should refer to certificates of the holy orders bestowed upon individual clerics identified in studies to date. The archival search, performed in bishops’ files and consistory books from several dioceses belonging to late medieval Polish church organization, led to the retrieval of certificates of three clergymen from the Krakow diocese from the years 1460–1531: Andrzej (probably from MęcinaMała), Grzegorz from Olkusz and Jan from Jakimowice. The content of the certificates is of significance for studies on the prosopography of the Krakow clergy in 15th and mid-16th century.Z terenu średniowiecznej diecezji krakowskiej posiadamy niewiele materiałów pokazujących praktykę święceń tamtejszego duchowieństwa. Z wyjatkiem dwóch krótkich wykazów akolitów ordynowanych przez bp. Jana Rzeszowskiego nie znamy też żadnych imiennych wykazów duchownych wyświęconych przez tamtejszych ordynariuszy i sufraganów. Z tego względu w badaniach nad święceniami kleru w tej diecezji warto sięgać do zapoznanych w dotychczasowych badaniach świadectw święceń poszczególnych duchownych. Kwerenda przeprowadzona w aktach biskupich i księgach konsystorskich kilku diecezji należących do polskiej organizacji kościelnej późnego średniowiecza pozwoliła na odnalezienie świadectw trzech duchownych z diecezji krakowskiej z lat 1460–1531: Andrzeja (prawdopodobnie z Męciny Małej), Grzegorza z Olkusza oraz Jana z Jakimowic. Zawartość tych materiałów ma znaczenie dla studiów nad prozopografią krakowskiego kleru w XV i pierwszej połowie XVI wieku

Święcenia duchowieństwa przez biskupa krakowskiego Jana Rzeszowskiego (†1488)

The study presents Holy Orders of the Clergy given by Jan Rzeszowski the bishop of Cracow. Two registers of acolytes ordained by the Cracow ordinary between the years 1473 and 1473 in Kunow and Bodzentyn were used as the source of the study. The registers were included in the bishop’s book of duties, presently kept in the Archives of Metropolitan Curia in Cracow.The registers contain data of 21 persons who were ordained acolytes by the Cracow bishop. It is interesting that both ceremonies took place on Sunday. In 1473 as well as in 1475 the bishop ordained the presented clergy in places which were the capitals of groups of land estates of the Cracow bishoprics holding prominent places in the structure of the diocese.The registers of persons ordained by Jan Rzeszowski from 1473 and 1475 are the oldest relics of that kind, coming from the lands belonging to Poland and described in the subject literature so far.The study presents Holy Orders of the Clergy given by Jan Rzeszowski the bishop of Cracow. Two registers of acolytes ordained by the Cracow ordinary between the years 1473 and 1473 in Kunow and Bodzentyn were used as the source of the study. The registers were included in the bishop’s book of duties, presently kept in the Archives of Metropolitan Curia in Cracow.The registers contain data of 21 persons who were ordained acolytes by the Cracow bishop. It is interesting that both ceremonies took place on Sunday. In 1473 as well as in 1475 the bishop ordained the presented clergy in places which were the capitals of groups of land estates of the Cracow bishoprics holding prominent places in the structure of the diocese.The registers of persons ordained by Jan Rzeszowski from 1473 and 1475 are the oldest relics of that kind, coming from the lands belonging to Poland and described in the subject literature so far

KETAMINE AS A NOVEL DRUG FOR DEPRESSION TREATMENT

Background: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders. Currently used antidepressants, acting on the monoaminergic system, are insufficient for depression treatment. In recent years, potential application of NMDA receptor modulators in the treatment of drug-resistant depression has gained attention. Administration of ketamine, being a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, contributes to a faster remission of symptoms. Subjects and methods: The aim of this paper is to review current studies on the use of ketamine in the treatment of drug-resistant depression, compare results of various administration methods - intravenous, intranasal or oral, as well as compare its effectiveness with that of other antidepressants. Results: Numerous studies show the drug is effective and well tolerated, particularly in patients with increased suicidal thoughts. However, there are concerns on increasing tolerance to the drug and the possibility of implementing a long-term treatment. Conclusion: Oral and intranasal forms of the drug are particularly promising due to their non-invasiveness and ability to selfadminister. In March 2019, S-ketamine nasal spray was registered by the FDA for the treatment of drug-resistant depression